Insight into the Sustainable Integration of Bio- and Petroleum Refineries for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals.

A petroleum refinery heavily depends on crude oil as its main feedstock to produce liquid fuels and chemicals. In the long term, this unyielding dependency is threatened by the depletion of the crude oil reserve. However, in the short term, its price highly fluctuates due to various factors, such as regional and global security instability causing additional complexity on refinery production planning. The petroleum refining industries are also drawing criticism and pressure due to their direct and indirect impacts on the environment. The exhaust gas emission of automobiles apart from the industrial and power plant emission has been viewed as the cause of global warming. In this sense, there is a need for a feasible, sustainable, and environmentally friendly generation process of fuels and chemicals. The attention turns to the utilization of biomass as a potential feedstock to produce substitutes for petroleum-derived fuels and building blocks for biochemicals. Biomass is abundant and currently is still low in utilization. The biorefinery, a facility to convert biomass into biofuels and biochemicals, is still lacking in competitiveness to a petroleum refinery. An attractive solution that addresses both is by the integration of bio- and petroleum refineries. In this context, the right decision making in the process selection and technologies can lower the investment and operational costs and assure optimum yield. Process optimization based on mathematical programming has been extensively used to conduct techno-economic and sustainability analysis for bio-, petroleum, and the integration of both refineries. This paper provides insights into the context of crude oil and biomass as potential refinery feedstocks. The current optimization status of either bio- or petroleum refineries and their integration is reviewed with the focus on the methods to solve the multi-objective optimization problems. Internal and external uncertain parameters are important aspects in process optimization. The nature of these uncertain parameters and their representation methods in process optimization are also discussed

Model Pendidikan Kependudukan Pada Orangtua Pos Paud Di Kota Semarang

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan model pendidikan kependudukan pada orangtua (Pasangan Usia Subur) sehingga terbangun kesadaran tentang ber-KB. Populasi penelitian ini adalah orangtua pos PAUD yang merupakan pasangan usia subur yang memiliki anak lebih dari empat orang di kelurahan Tandang, Sendangguwo, Rejosari dan Muktiharjo. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan pertimbangan wilayah tersebut ditetapkan oleh pemerintah kota Semarang sebagai Kelurahan Layak Anak dengan sebagaian besar orangtua merupakan pasangan usia subur (PUS).Rancangan penelitian ini dilakukan dengan memadukan antara penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Penelitian kuantitatif digunakan untuk mengetahui prosentasi peningkatan kesadaran ber-KB sebelum dan sesudah diberi pembelajaran dengan model kooperatif Think-Pair-share. Sedangkan penelitian kualitatif digunakan untuk mengetahui mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi meningkat/ menurunnya sikap untuk berKB dari para orang tua kelompok sasaran. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menjadi sangat komprehensif. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrumen penelitian berupa angket skala Likers, wawancara dan dokumentasi.Hasil analisis dokumen pre-test bisa diketahui bahwa alasan masyarakat untuk mengikuti KB lebih ditekankan pada masalah sulitnya mendidik anak karena pada prinsipnya para orangtua ingin generasi penerusnya mendapatkan pendidikan lebih baik. Biaya ber-KB sekarang ini sudah ada solusi melalui program KB gratis atau Jamkesmas/Jampersal (Jaminan Persalinan). Sebagian besar masyarakat percaya kehamilan mengandung resiko, menyebabkan kesengsaraan/menyulitkan di kemudian hari bila tidak direncanakan seperti gizi anak kurang dan juga kurang bagus untuk kesehatan ibu.Setelah diterapkan model pembelajaran kooperatif Think-Pair-Share dalam pendidikan kependudukan dengan pendekatan andragogi melalui diskusi dan wawancara bisa diketahui bahwa secara umum terjadi peningkatan terkait kesadaran ber-KB sekitar 6,6%; Pemahaman tentang kehamilan dan resikonya sekitar 1,8% dan tanggung jawab orang tua dalam pendidikan dan pengasuhan anak sekitar 1,2 %

Peruraian Anaerobik Termofilik Limbah Vinasse : Pengaruh Zeolit Alam Teraktivasi Asam dan Basa terhadap Performa Proses

Vinasse merupakan limbah produksi bioetanol dengan kadar chemical oxygen demand (COD) tinggi dan dapat diolah melalui Peruraian anaerobik untuk menghasilkan biogas. Optimasi proses dapat dilakukan pada kondisi termofilik (55°C) dengan penambahan zeolit alam terkativasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi efek zeolit alam terkativasi asam dan basa terhadap performa proses Peruraian anaerobik termofilik vinasse. Proses aktivasi zeolit alam diawali dengan perendaman selama 24 jam pada larutan asam klorida (HCl) 3 M atau natrium hidroksida (NaOH) 3 M, dilanjutkan pengeringan dan kalsinasi. Selanjutnya zeolit alam tanpa aktivasi (NZ), teraktivasi asam (NZA), dan teraktivasi basa (NZB) ditambahkan pada proses Peruraian anaerobik termofilik limbah vinasse secara batch dengan inokulum digested vinasse yang diperoleh dari reaktor skala laboratorium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan NZB mempercepat puncak produksi gas metana (hari ke9) dibanding NZ (hari ke-12), sedangkan pada NZA tidak terdapat produksi gas metana. Hal ini disebabkan oleh perbedaan pH cairan. Penambahan NZB menyebabkan pH berada pada kisaran nilai optimum sedangkan NZA menyebabkan hasil sebaliknya. Hasil methane yield NZB juga menunjukkan hasil lebih tinggi yakni 84.37 mL-CH4/g-sCOD removal dibanding NZ 73.94 dan NZA 0.07. Oleh karena itu, direkomendasikan penambahan zeolite teraktivasi basa untuk meningkatkan performa process Peruraian anaerobik termofilik limbah vinasse

Optimization of Mine Wastewater Treatment with Sump Water Circulation Treatment Method

The mining industry is one of the sectors that play an important role in the economy, but mining activities often produce hazardous waste for the environment, such as mine wastewater. This research aims to optimize mine wastewater management by applying the sump water circulation treatment method. This research uses an experimental research method in the PT Antereja Mahada Makmur mining area, which operates in the mining area of PT Multi Harapan Utama, Loa Kulu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, and East Kalimantan. Data collection techniques were carried out by field observation. The data that was collected is then analyzed qualitatively. The results showed a higher decline than planned in the remaining volume of sump 90. The impact of this decline was the achievement of the coal exposure target in November 2022. This shows that using the sump water circulation treatment method has successfully optimized the treatment of mine wastewater and has a positive impact on reducing the remaining volume of sump 90 so that the coal exposure target can be achieved effectively

Pirolisis Limbah Biomassa Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Campuran : Parameter Proses dan Analisis Produk Asap Cair

Produksi tahunan biomassa kayu mencapai 1011-1012 ton di seluruh dunia, pemrosesan 100 kg kayu dengan gergaji menghasilkan 10–25 % limbah biomassa. Pengolahan limbah biomassa dengan proses pirolisis dapat menghasilkan produk berupa asap cair melalui kondensasi yang mengandung berbagai senyawa kimia aktif yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk produk pangan maupun sebagai anti bakteri. Pada penelitian ini, pengukuran parameter pirolisis bertujuan untuk mengetahui performa reaktor pirolisis. Asap cair dianalisis untuk mengetahui komponen senyawa aktifnya melalui metode eksperimental. Komposisi lignoselulosa serbuk gergaji kayu campuran berupa hemiselulosa 17.54±3.16 %, selulosa 39.97±1.62 %, lignin 25.59±1.95 %, zat larut air 16.9±0.29 % dan kadar air 10.18±0.36 %. 3.6 kg biomassa di pirolisis pada suhu 500 °C selama 8 jam, menghasilkan asap cair 1.14 kg, arang 1.54 kg, nilai pH 3 dengan warna kuning tua, transparan, dan sedikit benda terapung. Pengamatan performa reaktor menunjukan nilai laju pemanasan 1.9±0.36 °C/min, dan pada beberapa titik terjadi kerugian panas yang tidak merata. Analisis asap cair dengan GC-MS menunjukkan tidak adanya senyawa PAH, sementara diketahui terdapat senyawa berbahaya lainnya, 2-propanone, 2 Butanone, dan cyclopentanone masing-masing sebesar 2.05 %, 0.79 %, dan 1.84%

Utilization of Peroxide Bleached Sugar Palm (Arenga Pinnata) Fibre Waste Into Cellulose Nano Crystal

Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) fibre (SPF) waste is a side product of sugar palm starch production and needs to be processed to avoid environmental pollution. Since the SPF has high cellulose content, it can be beneficial if it is valorized into high-value products such as cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). The CNC production from SPF was initiated by cellulose production by using an environmentally friendly peroxide bleaching as elementary chlorine free bleaching method. The CNC production was conducted via sulfuric acid hydrolysis at a temperature of 40°C, solid/liquid ratio of 1:10, and hydrolysis time of 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes. The same functional groups were observed in all CNC samples, including the appearance of the ester sulfate group. The decrease in yield and crystallinity index (CrI) as the hydrolysis time was observed. These phenomena were caused by the degradation of the crystalline structure of cellulose and the formation of the ester sulfate group. The measurement of CNC diameter size was carried out by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The CNC diameter was below 100 nm which indicated the nanoparticle formation was observed at CNC produced at hydrolysis times of 75 and 90 minutes. In conclusion, CNC production was successfully produced from peroxide bleached SPF which is more environmentally friendly than the conventional method using chlorite bleached cellulose. Furthermore, it is needed to optimize the production of SPF CNC in further research

Country report INDONESIA - MFS II EVALUATIONS

This report on Indonesia is one of a series of evaluation reports, consisting of ten reports in total, reflecting the results of the jointly-organised MFS II evaluation: - eight country reports (India, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Uganda, Indonesia, DR Congo, Liberia, Pakistan); - a synthesis report (covering the eight country studies); and - a report with the results of the international lobbying and advocacy programmes. This series of reports assessed the 2011-2015 contribution of the Dutch Co-Financing System (MFS II) towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, strengthening international civil society, setting the international agenda and changing decision-makers’ policy and practice, with the ultimate goal of reducing structural poverty. On July 2nd, 2015, the reports were approved by the independent steering committee (see below), which concluded that they meet the quality standards of validity, reliability and usefulness set by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs